M&M, Hyundai, and Kia are among eight car manufacturers facing penalties totaling up to Rs 7,300 crore for failing to meet emission standards. Hyundai faces the largest penalty of over Rs 2,800 crore, while Mahindra and Kia could incur penalties of nearly Rs 1,800 crore and over Rs 1,300 crore, respectively. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency's stricter norms, effective from January 2023, require significant reductions in fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but car makers argue they should not be penalized for the entire fiscal year 2023.